meet the women who made your tweet work

Pioneered non-reflective, monomolecular coatings for glass, including the technique to measure coatings 100x more accurately than any predecessor. Her later patent on semiconductors was also included in the world's first spark plug and most computer hardware.

Co-invented frequency-hopping spread-spectrum signaling, originally for military use (to prevent eavesdropping) but widely used in cellular signals, WiFi, and modern Bluetooth.

Invented the programming linker, the inspiration for COBOL, and the origins of unit testing.

Invented the first program-driven telephone switch, replacing mechanical equipment for the first time. She received one of the first ever software patents for the technology in 1971.

Wrote the first Resource Handbook for ARPANET, then organized and ran the Network Information Center (NIC): The first naming registry for the Internet.

Designed the first windowed user interface for software in the Smalltalk System, of which many concepts and ideas were borrowed by Steve Jobs following a demonstration.

Contributed to creating the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) at Stanford, later founding 8 companies and serving as CTO at Cisco Systems.

Developed, authored, and coauthored a number of the base services for the Internet, including Telnet, FTP, and POP (email) protocols. Managed the transition from IANA to ICANN during the dot-com boom of the late 90s.

As the first digital artist at Apple, created much of the iconography used widely in graphical computers today, including cut & paste, the pencil for editing, and the hand cursor for clicking, as well as numerous typefaces specifically designed for computer screens.

Created IEEE standard 802.1d while working as a consultant at Digital, aka Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), which enabled fault-tolerant ethernet networks. She holds over 100 patents.

Founded CERFNet, one of the first regional IP networks, delivering the first commercial Internet connectivity.

One of the top 10 most cited researchers in computer science, Sally invented a number of the schemes used to prevent Internet traffic congestion, which all routers today either use directly or in derivative forms.

Innovator, pioneer, and advocate for Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC), the coordinated security system that protects all domain names. Anne-Marie is 1 of 7 individual holders of the world's crypto keys for ICANN.